Introductions:

Many international exchanges of goods and services are facilitated by the exchange of the currencies of the trading countries. Importers often must obtain the currency of the exporter's country to purchase the goods to be imported. Even when they don't need the actual currency, they must establish a relative value between currencies. Given the number of countries, currencies, and trading relationships in the world, this is a complicated process. International monetary markets serve as the mechanism to set the relative values of currencies. The actual price (or international value) of currencies is set through the interaction of supply and demand in these international currency markets. Just as in any market many factors can influence either the supply of, or the demand for, a given currency and this will affect the international exchange rate of the currency.

Concepts:

Exchange rates Money Markets Supply Demand

Economic Content Standard:

Standard 7 - Markets exist when buyers and sellers interact. This interaction determines market prices and thereby allocates scarce goods and services.

Standard 11 - Money makes it easier to trade, borrow, save, invest, and compare the value of goods and services.

• People consume goods and services, not money; money is useful primarily because it can be used to buy goods and services.
• Most countries create their own currency for use as money.

Lesson Description:

This activity provides an opportunity for students to participate in a simulated foreign exchange market. As they experience the need to exchange currencies to purchase foreign goods, they learn about the difference between the domestic and international values of a currency and how factors of supply and demand work to set international exchange rates.

Time Required: One class period.

Materials:

• Copies of student reading.
• Bag(s) of M&Ms, or mints, or similar small, inexpensive candies or equally divisible goods like almonds or peanuts. (a 12 oz. bag should easily be enough for three classes.)
• Ten-fifteen Saudi Arabian Riyals (copies from sheet provided).
• Ten-fifteen Classroom Bucks (copies from sheet provided).

Procedure:

1. Distribute two or three riyal notes to each student. Ask them if what you have distributed is money. (Money is anything acceptable in exchange for goods and services; if they cannot buy anything with the rivals then it is not money.)

2. Indicate that you have three candy mints (or other items) for sale and you would like to know if anyone would like to purchase them. (Usually some students will begin to offer riyals for the mints.)

3. Indicate to students that the price of the mints is one Classroom Buck. Show the students a Buck and tell them that they cannot purchase mints with their riyals. (Let them solve the problem. Usually, one or more students will quickly try to buy the classroom Buck with their riyals.)

4. Begin to auction off each of three Classroom Bucks for round one. (You don’t need to worry about getting the absolute highest price for each Buck, but do allow some bidding. You may want to appoint one student as the banker to exchange currencies and one student to serve as a tally keeper.)

5. When you have sold all three Bucks, record the prices on the board and tell students that they can purchase mints with their Bucks if they wish to. (Some students may chose to hold onto their Bucks and not buy a mint. This is O.K.)

6. Distribute another four or five riyals to each student.

7. Announce that you have three more mints for sale at the price of one Buck.

8. Once again auction the Bucks for riyals. Try to let the bidding go until the prices exceed those of round one.

9. Again, let students with Bucks purchase the mints if they wish.

10. Record the prices paid for Bucks in round two.

11. Distribute four or five more riyals to each student.

12. Conduct a third round and record the prices paid.

13. Debrief activity and distribute student handout for review or future reference.

Debriefing Questions:

1. Draw students’ attention to the tally on the board. Ask "What was a Buck worth in this activity?" (The correct answer is one mint. Money is worth the goods and services for which it can be exchanged.)

2. Now ask, "What was a riyal worth?" (There may be confusion with this question. To help clarify, ask what a riyal was worth on the third sale of round one. Students will want to use attraction of a mint as the answer, i.e. 1/35 of a mint. This is not correct because they could not exchange riyals for mints. The correct answer would be some fraction of a buck.)

3. Ask students, "How can we best express the relationship of riyals to bucks?" (Someone will come up with terms of 35-1 or 1-40 etc. This is the correct way to state the relationship.)

4. Ask students if they know how relative values of international currencies are expressed. (Explain that they are expressed very much in the same way. You may want to have a student bring the currency rate tables from the business section of the daily newspaper or look up the daily rates on the Internet at CNN Financial online (http.//www.cnnfn.com/markets/currencies.htm.)

5. Ask students how the value of riyals to bucks was determined in round one. (Acceptable answers are supply and demand, competition, market interactions of buyers and sellers, etc.)

6. Ask students how actual international exchange values are determined. (The same way as they were in the activity - through the interaction of buyers and sellers of currencies. You can explain to students that in many international transactions of goods and services the purchaser must pay in the currency of the country selling the product or service, just as they had to pay in Classroom Bucks to buy a mint.)

7. Ask students, "What happened to the value of the riyal relative to the buck in rounds 2 and 3?" (The value of the rival decreased because it took more riyals to obtain a buck.)

8. Did the buck gain in value? (This is a tricky, yet powerful question. The buck can still purchase one mint, so it’s domestic value was unchanged. However, because it now takes more riyals to purchase a buck, the value of the buck relative to rivals increased.)

9. In the classroom activity, why do you think the value of the riyal decreased relative to the buck? (Because the demand for bucks increased, i.e. people were willing and able to give up more riyals in rounds 2 and 3 than in round 1.)

10. What caused the change in demand? (The teacher gave out more rivals.)

11. What sorts of things might cause the demand for a currency to change? (Country A prints more or less money, or Country A’s goods become more or less desirable are two of many reasons.)

This lesson has been modified, for use in Foundation for Teaching Economics materials by Kathy Ratté and Kenneth Leonard, from Foreign Currency And Exchange published in Trees and TVs In The International Marketplace, 1983. Used by permission. Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, State of Washington.

Student reading

Foreign Currency and Exchange

The world of foreign currency often seems confusing. Piasters, lira, pence, rubles, yen and krona are terms difficult enough to comprehend on their own without adding the task of trying to figure out what each is worth in terms of United States dollars.

All of these currencies are money, so all serve the same functions. Money is a medium of exchange, a store of value and a measure of value.

• As a medium of exchange, money is accepted as a means for purchasing goods and services. Both the consumer and producer agree to the form of money.
• As a store of value, money can be saved for future use, a characteristic that many items used as barter goods did not have. Where crops would spoil or animals die, money lasts for a long period of time.
• As a measure of value money allows us to compare the worth of one object with the worth of another. We can say a car is worth so many dollars, and a record CD is worth so many dollars.

Foreign currencies all serve the same three functions.

Now to the important question: How do we know how much any currency is worth? The simple answer is that money is worth whatever people are willing to exchange for it. This means it is simply a case of supply and demand. If there is little demand for a country’s currency and it is in large supply, the money will be worth less than if there is a high demand for it or a small supply of it.

As an example, if the United States buys more imports, there is a greater supply of U.S. dollars outside the country. As the supply increases, each dollar is worth less. Thus we say the money is devalued. If on the other hand, there are relatively few U.S. dollars outside the country and/or many foreigners want U.S. currency, each dollar will be worth more.

Currency values and exchanges are usually made at currency markets. These are places where countries and banks can find out relative values of different currencies. Each day the values change, and often change several times during a single day. In the past, currency values were set at a rate and maintained for a period of time. Now supply and demand allows constant fluctuations.

The situation of foreign exchange is eased somewhat because many financial deals are calculated in United States dollars. An African country buying oil from Kuwait might well calculate the sale in terms of United States dollars. At present, approximately 70% of all international trade is invoiced in United States dollars, because business people have found this practice easier. A hundred years ago when the British pound was the most important currency in the world, almost all transactions were recorded in British pounds.

Copyright © 1999 Foundation for Teaching Economics
Permission granted to copy for classroom use.